<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestar</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник аритмологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Arrhythmology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1561-8641</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7327</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НАО «Инкарт»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35336/VA-2023-1-04</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestar-1173</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Стратификация риска развития лекарственно-индуцированного удлинения интервала QT на фоне приема антиаритмических препаратов III класса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Risk stratification of drug-induced long QT syndrome caused by class III antiarrhythmic drugs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5211-709X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колоцей</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalatsei</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><sec><title> г. Гродно, ул. Горького, д. 80</title></sec></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Grodno, 80 Gorkogo str.</title></sec></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1706-1243</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Снежицкий</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Snezhitskiy</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><sec><title> г. Гродно, ул. Горького, д. 80</title></sec></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Grodno, 80 Gorkogo str.</title></sec></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>УО «Гродненский государственный медицинский университет»</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Grodno State Medical University</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Колоцей Л.В., Снежицкий В.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Колоцей Л.В., Снежицкий В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kalatsei L.V., Snezhitskiy V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestar.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1173">https://vestar.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1173</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель. Разработать персонифицированную шкалу оценки риска развития лекарственно-индуцированного удлинения интервала QT на фоне приема антиаритмических препаратов (ААП) III класса.Материал и методы исследования. Изучены данные 110 пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца и/или артериальной гипертензией, имеющих нарушения ритма сердца и принимающих ААП III класса (амиодарон или соталол) в условиях кардиологического стационара. Всем пациентам проводились клинико-лабораторные и инструментальные исследования, включавшие в себя сбор анамнеза, запись электрокардиограммы в 12 отведениях, биохимический анализ крови, определение уровней нейрональной NO-синтазы (NOS1) и адаптерного протеина нейрональной NO-синтазы (NOS1AP) в плазме крови методом иммуноферментного анализа, а также определение полиморфизма G84A гена NOS1 с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции. С целью стратификации риска развития лекарственно-индуцированного удлинения интервала QT был применен метод линейного дискриминантного анализа с пошаговым включением. Обучающую выборку составили 70 пациентов (63,6%), тестовую 40 пациентов (36,4%). Разработку шкалы проводили на обучающей выборке, а проверку на тестовой выборке с построением ROC-кривой, расчетом AUC, чувствительности и специфичности.Результаты. Обучающая и тестовая выборки были сопоставимы по основным клинико-анамнестическим показателям и особенностям фармакологического анамнеза. Пациенты с удлиненным интервалом QT имели достоверно более низкие показатели содержания магния (p=0,001), NOS1 (p=0,015) и NOS1AP (p=0,035). Алгоритм дискриминантного анализа был остановлен на четвертом шаге, в результате чего в модель включено четыре статистически достоверных предиктора: прием тиазидного либо петлевого диуретика, уровень магния сыворотки крови, уровни NOS1 и NOS1AP плазмы крови, каждому из которых было присвоено определенное число баллов согласно полученным стандартизированным коэффициентам. При проведении ROC-анализа на исходной выборке пациентов получено пороговое значение шкалы в 6 баллов (AUC 0,848 (0,759 0,937, p=0,002), чувствительность 73,81%, специфичность 85,71%). Применение шкалы на тестовой выборке продемонстрировало чувствительность 77,27%, специфичность 77,77%, AUC 0,834 (0,721 0,965, p=0,001), что соответствует хорошему качеству прогностической модели.Выводы. При набранной сумме баллов ≥6 у пациентов отмечается высокий риск развития лекарственно-индуцированного удлинения интервала QT на фоне приема ААП III класса.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim. To develop a personalized risk assessment score for the development of drug-induced QT interval prolongation while taking class III antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD).Methods. We studied data from 110 patients with coronary artery disease and/or hypertension, who had heart arrhythmias and were taking class III AAD (amiodarone or sotalol) in a cardiology department. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory and instrumental studies, including history taking, 12-lead electricardiography recording, biochemical blood test, determination of the levels of neuronal NO-synthase (NOS1) and adapter protein of neuronal NO-synthase (NOS1AP) in blood plasma by ELISA, as well as the determination of polymorphisms G84A of the NOS1 gene using polymerase chain reaction. In order to stratify the risk of drug-induced QT interval prolongation, the method of linear discriminant analysis with stepwise inclusion was applied. The training sample consisted of 70 patients (63.6%), the test sample of 40 patients (36.4%). The score was developed on a training sample, and the testing was performed on a test sample with the construction of an ROC curve, calculation of AUC, sensitivity, and specificity.Results. The training and test samples were comparable in terms of the main clinical and anamnestic parameters and features of the pharmacological history. Patients with QT interval prolongation had significantly lower levels of magnesium (p=0.001), NOS1 (p=0.015) and NOS1AP (p=0.035). The discriminant analysis algorithm was stopped at the fourth step, as a result of which four statistically significant predictors were included in the model: thiazide or loop diuretic intake, blood serum magnesium level, plasma NOS1 and NOS1AP levels, each of which was assigned a certain number of points according to the received standardized coefficients. When conducting an ROC analysis on the initial sample, a threshold value of the scale of 6 points was obtained (AUC 0.848 (0.759 0.937, p=0.002), sensitivity 73.81%, specificity 85.71%). The use of the scale on the test sample showed sensitivity of 77.27%, specificity of 77.77% and AUC of 0.834 (0.721 0.965, p=0.001), which corresponds to the good quality of the prognostic model.Conclusion. Patients with a total score of ≥6 points have a high risk of drug-induced QT interval prolongation while taking class III AAD.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интервал QT</kwd><kwd>лекарственно-индуцированное удлинение интервала QT</kwd><kwd>антиаритмические препараты</kwd><kwd>магний</kwd><kwd>нейрональная синтаза оксида азота</kwd><kwd>дискриминантный анализ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>QT interval</kwd><kwd>drug-induced QT interval prolongation</kwd><kwd>antiarrhythmic drugs</kwd><kwd>magnesium</kwd><kwd>neuronal nitric oxide synthase</kwd><kwd>discriminant analysis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tester DJ, Ackerman MJ. Genetics of Long QT syndrome. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal. 2014;10(1): 29-33. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-10-1-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tester DJ, Ackerman MJ. Genetics of Long QT syndrome. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal. 2014;10(1): 29-33. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-10-1-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rohatgi RK, Sugrue A, Bos JM, et al. Contemporary outcomes in patients with Long QT Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(4): 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rohatgi RK, Sugrue A, Bos JM, et al. Contemporary outcomes in patients with Long QT Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(4): 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Napolitano C, Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, et al. Genetic testing in the long QT syndrome: development and validation of an efficient approach to genotyping in clinical practice. JAMA. 2005;294(23): 2975-80. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.23.2975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Napolitano C, Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, et al. Genetic testing in the long QT syndrome: development and validation of an efficient approach to genotyping in clinical practice. JAMA. 2005;294(23): 2975-80. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.23.2975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah SR, Park K, Alweis R. Long QT Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature and Current Evidence. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2019;44(3): 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2018.04.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah SR, Park K, Alweis R. Long QT Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature and Current Evidence. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2019;44(3): 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2018.04.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kannankeril P, Roden DM, Darbar D. Drug-induced long QT syndrome. Pharmacol Rev. 2010;62(4):760-781. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003723.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kannankeril P, Roden DM, Darbar D. Drug-induced long QT syndrome. Pharmacol Rev. 2010;62(4):760-781. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003723.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балыкова ЛА, Сипров АВ, Паршина ТС. Клинико-фармакологические аспекты лекарственно-индуцированного синдрома удлиненного интервала QT. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2020;83(11): 35-44. https://doi.org/10.30906/0869-2092-2020-83-11-35-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balykova LA, Siprov AV, Parshina TS. Clinical and pharmacological aspects of drug-induced long QT syndrome. Experimental and clinical pharmacology. 2020;83(11): 35-44. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30906/0869-2092-2020-83-11-35-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jamshidi Y, Nolte IM, Dalageorgou C, et al. Common variation in the NOS1AP gene is associated with drug-induced QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(9): 841-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jamshidi Y, Nolte IM, Dalageorgou C, et al. Common variation in the NOS1AP gene is associated with drug-induced QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(9): 841-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нестерец АМ, Максимов ВН. Молекулярно-генетические маркеры длительности интервала QT и внезапная сердечная смерть: обзор литературы. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2022;21(1): 133-143. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-20221-133-143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nesterec AM, Maksimov VN. Molecular genetic markers of QT interval duration and sudden cardiac death: a review of the literature. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2022;21(1): 133143. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-20221-133-143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Etheridge SP,Asaki SY, Niu MC.Apersonalized approach to long QT syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2019;34(1): 4656. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Etheridge SP,Asaki SY, Niu MC.Apersonalized approach to long QT syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2019;34(1): 4656. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarganas G, Garbe E, Klimpel A, et al. Epidemiology of symptomatic drug-induced long QT syndrome and Torsade de Pointes in Germany. Europace. 2014;16(1): 101-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarganas G, Garbe E, Klimpel A, et al. Epidemiology of symptomatic drug-induced long QT syndrome and Torsade de Pointes in Germany. Europace. 2014;16(1): 101-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut214.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tisdale JE, Wroblewski HA, Overholser BR, et al. Prevalence of QT interval prolongation in patients admitted to cardiac care units and frequency of subsequent administration of QT interval-prolonging drugs: a prospective, observational study in a large urban academic medical center in the US. Drug Saf. 2012;35(6): 459-70. https://doi.org/10.2165/11598160-000000000-00000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tisdale JE, Wroblewski HA, Overholser BR, et al. Prevalence of QT interval prolongation in patients admitted to cardiac care units and frequency of subsequent administration of QT interval-prolonging drugs: a prospective, observational study in a large urban academic medical center in the US. Drug Saf. 2012;35(6): 459-70. https://doi.org/10.2165/11598160-000000000-00000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исмагилов ДА, Ших ЕВ, Сизова ЖМ, и др. Клинико-фармакологические аспекты применения лекарственных средств, влияющих на интервал QT у лиц пожилого возраста. Клиническая геронтология. 2016;3(4): 37-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismagilov DA, Shih EV, Sizova ZM, et al. Clinical and pharmacological aspects of the use of drugs that affect the QT interval in the elderly. Clinical gerontology. 2016;3(4): 37-45. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwartz PJ, Woosley RL. Predicting the Unpredictable: Drug-Induced QT Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13): 1639-1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwartz PJ, Woosley RL. Predicting the Unpredictable: Drug-Induced QT Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13): 1639-1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poulsen CB, Damkjær M, Lofgren B, et al. Trends in Antiarrhythmic Drug Use in Denmark Over 19 Years. Am J Cardiol. 2020;125(4): 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.11.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poulsen CB, Damkjær M, Lofgren B, et al. Trends in Antiarrhythmic Drug Use in Denmark Over 19 Years. Am J Cardiol. 2020;125(4): 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.11.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Markman TM, Geng Z, Epstein AE, et al. Trends in Antiarrhythmic Drug Use Among Patients in the United States Between 2004 and 2016. Circulation. 2020;141(11): 937-939. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markman TM, Geng Z, Epstein AE, et al. Trends in Antiarrhythmic Drug Use Among Patients in the United States Between 2004 and 2016. Circulation. 2020;141(11): 937-939. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tisdale JE, Jaynes HA, Kingery JR, et al. Development and validation of a risk score to predict QT interval prolongation in hospitalized patients. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6(4): 479-87. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tisdale JE, Jaynes HA, Kingery JR, et al. Development and validation of a risk score to predict QT interval prolongation in hospitalized patients. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6(4): 479-87. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger FA, van der Sijs H, Becker ML, et al. Development and validation of a tool to assess the risk of QT drug-drug interactions in clinical practice. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2020;20(1): 171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01181-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berger FA, van der Sijs H, Becker ML, et al. Development and validation of a tool to assess the risk of QT drug-drug interactions in clinical practice. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2020;20(1): 171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01181-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CredibleMeds [Electronic resource]. Available from: https://crediblemeds.org (accessed 02.05.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CredibleMeds [Electronic resource. Available from: https://crediblemeds.org (accessed 02.05.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah RR, Morganroth J. ICH E14 Q &amp; A (R1) document: perspectives on the updated recommendations on thorough QT studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(4): 959-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04442.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah RR, Morganroth J. ICH E14 Q &amp; A (R1) document: perspectives on the updated recommendations on thorough QT studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(4): 959-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04442.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, et al. AHA/ ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram Part IV: The ST Segment, T and U Waves, and the QT Interval A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(11): 982-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, et al. AHA/ ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram Part IV: The ST Segment, T and U Waves, and the QT Interval A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(11): 982-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su K, McGloin R, Gellatly RM. Predictive Validity of a QTc Interval Prolongation Risk Score in the Intensive Care Unit. Pharmacotherapy. 2020;40(6): 492-499. https:// doi.org/10.1002/phar.2400.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su K, McGloin R, Gellatly RM. Predictive Validity of a QTc Interval Prolongation Risk Score in the Intensive Care Unit. Pharmacotherapy. 2020;40(6): 492-499. https:// doi.org/10.1002/phar.2400.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao W, Gandhi N, Affas S, et al. Predicting QT interval prolongation in patients diagnosed with the 2019 novel coronavirus infection. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2021;26(5): e12853. https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12853.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao W, Gandhi N, Affas S, et al. Predicting QT interval prolongation in patients diagnosed with the 2019 novel coronavirus infection. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2021;26(5): e12853. https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12853.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH, Wilson W. Subclinical magnesium deficiency: a principal driver of cardiovascular disease and a public health crisis. Open Heart. 2018;5(1): e000668. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2017-000668.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH, Wilson W. Subclinical magnesium deficiency: a principal driver of cardiovascular disease and a public health crisis. Open Heart. 2018;5(1): e000668. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2017-000668.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoshino K, Ogawa K, Hishitani T, et al. Studies of magnesium in congenital long QT syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol. 2002;23(1):41-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-001-0011-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoshino K, Ogawa K, Hishitani T, et al. Studies of magnesium in congenital long QT syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol. 2002;23(1):41-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-001-0011-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roden DM. Predicting drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. J Physiol. 2016;594(9): 2459-68. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roden DM. Predicting drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. J Physiol. 2016;594(9): 2459-68. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia-Elias A, Benito B. Ion Channel Disorders and Sudden Cardiac Death. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3): 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030692.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia-Elias A, Benito B. Ion Channel Disorders and Sudden Cardiac Death. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3): 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030692.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haselden WD, Kedarasetti RT, Drew PJ. Spatial and temporal patterns of nitric oxide diffusion and degradation drive emergent cerebrovascular dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol. 2020;16(7): e1008069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008069.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haselden WD, Kedarasetti RT, Drew PJ. Spatial and temporal patterns of nitric oxide diffusion and degradation drive emergent cerebrovascular dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol. 2020;16(7): e1008069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008069.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu KY, Huso DL, Dawson TM, et al. Nitric oxide synthase in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(2): 657-62. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.2.657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu KY, Huso DL, Dawson TM, et al. Nitric oxide synthase in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(2): 657-62. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.2.657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7): 829-37, 837a-837d. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7): 829-37, 837a-837d. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez DR, Beigi F, Treuer AV, et al. Deficient ryanodine receptor S-nitrosylation increases sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak and arrhythmogenesis in cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(51): 20612-7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706796104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez DR, Beigi F, Treuer AV, et al. Deficient ryanodine receptor S-nitrosylation increases sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak and arrhythmogenesis in cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(51): 20612-7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706796104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronchi C, Bernardi J, Mura M, et al. NOS1AP polymorphisms reduce NOS1 activity and interact with prolonged repolarization in arrhythmogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(2): 472-483. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronchi C, Bernardi J, Mura M, et al. NOS1AP polymorphisms reduce NOS1 activity and interact with prolonged repolarization in arrhythmogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(2): 472-483. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tieu A, Akar FG. ‘Social distancing’ of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase from its adaptor protein causes arrhythmogenic trigger-substrate interactions in long QT syndrome. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(2): 338-340. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa179.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tieu A, Akar FG. ‘Social distancing’ of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase from its adaptor protein causes arrhythmogenic trigger-substrate interactions in long QT syndrome. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(2): 338-340. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa179.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cubeddu LX. Drug-induced Inhibition and Trafficking Disruption of ion Channels: Pathogenesis of QT Abnormalities and Drug-induced Fatal Arrhythmias. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2016;12(2): 141-54. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403x12666160301120217.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cubeddu LX. Drug-induced Inhibition and Trafficking Disruption of ion Channels: Pathogenesis of QT Abnormalities and Drug-induced Fatal Arrhythmias. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2016;12(2): 141-54. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403x12666160301120217.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колоцей ЛВ, Снежицкий ВА, Копыцкий АВ. Оценка риска развития полиморфной желудочковой тахикардии у пациентов с лекарственно-индуцированным удлинением интервала QT на фоне приема антиаритмических препаратов III класса. Вестник Витебского государственного медицинского университета. 2022;21(3): 15-24. https://doi.org/10.22263/2312-4156.2022.3.15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalatsei LV, Snezhitskiy VA, Kopyckij AV. Assessment of the risk of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval while taking class III antiarrhythmic drugs. Journal of the Vitebsk State Medical University. 2022;21(3): 15-24. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22263/2312-4156.2022.3.15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
